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Falls

Resources for nursing professionals on the prevention, treatment and management of falls in older people

Older people who experience falls are frequently in contact with nurses in all sectors of health care. You can use these pages to find out about the falls guidance and resources available to you. 

Falls are the number one reason older people are taken to the emergency department in a hospital.

Falls and fractures in older people are a costly and often preventable health issue. Reducing falls and fractures is important for maintaining health, wellbeing and independence among older people.

A fall is defined as an event which causes a person to, unintentionally, rest on the ground or lower level and is not a result of a major intrinsic event (such as a stroke) or overwhelming hazard. Having a fall can happen to anyone; it can be as a result of an accident, but can also be an unfortunate but normal result of human anatomy. However, as people get older, they are more likely to fall over. Falls can become recurrent and result in injuries including head injuries and hip fractures.

Falls are events resulting from the presence of risk factors. The likelihood and severity of injury from an event is often related to bone health. People with low bone mineral density are more likely to experience a fracture following a fall. One of the main reasons why people have low bone mineral density is osteoporosis.

Over 3 million people in the UK have osteoporosis and they are at much greater risk of fragility fractures. Hip fractures alone account for 1.8 million hospital bed days and £1.9 billion in hospital costs every year, excluding the high cost of social care.

Causes of falls

There are multiple causes and risk factors when it comes to having a fall. These include:

  • having a history of falls
  • muscle weakness
  • poor balance
  • visual impairment
  • polypharmacy (taking multiple medicines)
  • the use of certain medicines
  • environmental hazards
  • medical conditions.

Please see Public Health England's Falls: applying All Our Health.

Falls resources

COVID-19 related resources

CQC. Updates for health professionals: COVID-19, 6 May 2020 and COVID-19, 7 May 2020

Keep on Keep up app. This app will help to reduce the high risk of falls and physical decline in older people self-isolating during and after the COVID-19 Lockdown. 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance

NICE (2019) Surveillance of falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention (NICE guideline CG161) (PDF).

NICE (2017) Falls in older people. This updated quality standard covers assessment after a fall and preventing further falls (secondary prevention) in older people living in the community and during a hospital stay.

NICE (2017) Falls in older people pathway.This pathway covers the assessment and prevention of falls in older people both in the community and during a hospital stay.

NICE. Falls: assessment and prevention in older people and people 50 and over at higher risk - In development. This updated guidance will fully update NICE (2013) Falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention.

Further resources

British Geriatrics Society (2022) Falls in older people.

NHS England. The National Patient Safety Improvement Programmes.

NIHR. Falls Management Exercise (FaME) Implementation Toolkit. This toolkit provides a suite of resources that commissioners can use to plan, implement and monitor the FaME programme.

Public Health England. Falls: applying All Our Health. Updated information on preventing falls and fractures. See also: NHSE - All Our Health: Falls and Fractures.

Public Health England and Centre for Ageing Better (2018) Muscle and bone strengthening and balance activities for general health benefits in adults and older adults (PDF). Summary of a rapid evidence review for the UK Chief Medical Officers’ update of the physical activity guidelines. 

Royal College of Physicians. Falls and Fragility Fracture Audit Programme (FFFAP). The Falls and Fragility Fracture Audit Programme is a national clinical audit designed to audit the care that patients with fragility fractures and inpatient falls receive in hospital and to facilitate quality improvement initiatives.

Royal College of Physicians (2017) Bedside vision check for falls prevention: assessment tool. The National Audit of Inpatient Falls (NAIF) has collaborated with partners to produce a new vision assessment tool which enables ward staff to quickly assess a patient’s eyesight in order to help prevent them falling or tripping while in hospital.

Royal College of Physicians (2017) National Audit of Inpatient Falls Audit report 2017. Although prevention of inpatient falls across hospitals in England and Wales has improved slightly many patients are not receiving the required assessments which can help prevent falls in hospitals.

Royal College of Physicians (2016) Falls Prevention in Hospital: a Guide for Patients, their Families and Carers. This guide is designed to help prevent serious injury and unnecessary cost to the NHS caused by older people tripping or falling when they are in hospital. 
 
Royal College of Physicians (2015) FallSafe resources. FallSafe was a quality improvement project that helped frontline staff to deliver evidence-based falls prevention. 

Scotland 

Scottish Patient Safety Programme. Acute Adults - Falls. This resource supports NHS boards with falls improvement work.
 
SIGN (2020). Management of osteoporosis and the prevention of fragility fractures. This guideline provides recommendations based on current evidence for best practice in the management of osteoporosis and prevention of fractures.

Wales

Age Cymru. Falls prevention. Resources include Staying steady - an information guide on how to reduce falls. See also: Falls awareness education resource pack.
 
NHS Wales. Putting the citizen first. Standard 2.3: Falls Prevention. This standard is about minimising the risk of people falling.   
 
NHS Wales. Steady on stay safe.This campaign has been developed by health boards, public bodies and the third sector that have expertise in falls prevention, led by the National Falls Prevention Task Force.
 
Public Health Wales. Steady on… Stay SAFE. Public Health Wales is encouraging people aged 50 plus to ‘Steady on.. and stay safe’ to reduce their risk of falling.

Page last updated - 01/02/2024