Modern slavery and human trafficking
Cases of people being trafficked into the UK and being forced into modern forms of slavery are on the increase. Many of these victims come into contact with health care services so as a nursing and / or midwifery professional it is essential that you are able to spot the signs and know how to act on them.
What is modern slavery?
Someone is in slavery if they are:
- forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat
- owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse
- dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as ‘property’
- physically constrained or have restrictions placed on their freedom of movement.
What is human trafficking?
Human trafficking involves recruitment, harbouring or transporting people into a situation of exploitation through the use of violence, deception or coercion and forced to work against their will.
An estimated 40.3 million men, women, and children were victims of modern slavery on any given day in 2016 (International Labour Office & Walk Free Foundation, 2017). Of these, an estimated 24.9 million people were in forced labour and 15.4 million people were living in a forced marriage. The current Global Estimates do not cover all forms of modern slavery; for example, organ trafficking, child soldiers, or child marriage that could also constitute forced marriage are not able to be adequately measured at this time (Global Slavery Index).
In 2020, the Centre for Social Justice report, called It Still Happens Here suggested that the number of men, women and/or children affected by modern slavery and or trafficking may be around 100,000-110,000. This may be:
- domestic servitude
- labour exploitation
- organ harvesting
- sexual exploitation
- criminal exploitation
- forced labour/debt bondage
(The Centre for Social Justice, 2020)
What to do if you spot the signs
If you suspect that a person is a victim of slavery, this is a safeguarding issue.
You should trust and act on your professional instinct that something is not quite right. It is usually a combination of triggers, an inconsistent story and a pattern of symptoms that may cause you to suspect trafficking.
If you have any concerns about a child, young person or adult take immediate action to ask further questions and get additional information and support. It is important to remember that:
- trafficked people may not self-identify as victims of modern slavery
- trafficking victims can be prevented from revealing their experience to health care staff from fear, shame, language barriers and a lack of opportunity to do so. It can take time for a person to feel safe enough to open up
- err on the side of caution regarding age. If a person tells you they are under 18 or if a person says they are an adult, but you suspect they are not, then take action as though they were under 18 years old
- support for victims of human trafficking is available.
Psychological First Aid
VITA Network’s Dr Laura Wood has recorded a 10-minute introductory video to Psychological First Aid.
Many people have some basic first aid training, to help someone who has been physically hurt, however what about knowing the safe steps to take in supporting someone who’s experienced emotional or psychological harm and distress? Particularly in the settings of severe adversity, after a disaster or in conflict. This short 10-minute video recorded by VITA Network’s Dr Laura Wood is an introduction to Psychological First Aid, showing how to support people to cope, adapt and recover in the aftermath of severe adversity and disaster. This is the latest SafeREFUGE resource.
Health care issues related to modern slavery
A victim of modern slavery may display some of the following health care issues:- evidence of long term multiple injuries
- indications of mental, physical and sexual trauma
- sexually transmitted infections
- pregnant, or a late booking over 24 weeks for maternity care
- disordered eating or poor nutrition
- evidence of self-harm
- dental pain
- fatigue
- non-specific symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder
- symptoms of psychiatric and psychological distress
- vague symptoms of back pain, stomach pain, skin problems; headaches and dizzy spells.
Other signs of modern slavery
If the person:- is accompanied by someone who appears controlling, who insists on giving information and coming to see the health care worker
- is withdrawn and submissive, seems afraid to speak to a person in authority and the accompanying person speaks for them
- gives vague and inconsistent explanation of where they live, their employment or schooling
- has old or serious injuries left untreated
- gives vague information, is reluctant to explain how the injury occurred or give a medical history
- is not registered with a GP, nursery or school
- has experienced being moved locally, regionally, nationally or internationally
- appears to be moving location frequently
- appearance suggests general physical neglect
- struggles to speak English
- has no official means of identification or suspicious looking documents.
- have an unclear relationship with the accompanying adult
- go missing quickly (sometimes within 48 hours of going into care) and repeatedly from school, home and care
- give inconsistent information about their age.
Next steps
There are a number of steps you can take if you have identified someone is a victim of trafficking:
- try to find out more about the situation and speak to the person in private without anyone who accompanied them
- when speaking to the person reassure them that it is safe for them to speak
- do not make promises you cannot keep
- only ask non-judgmental relevant questions
- allow the person time to tell you their experiences
- do not let concerns you may have about challenging cultural beliefs stand in the way of making informed assessments about the safety of a child, young person or adult.
- speak to your manager, colleagues or local safeguarding leads for support and advice
- do not raise your trafficking concerns with anyone accompanying the person
- think about support and referral.
See the RCN resource for nurses designed to help recognise the signs and help direct people on what to do for those they suspect are victims of modern slavery:
Professional lead for modern slavery and human trafficking:
Modern slavery helpline
You can call 08000 121 700 to get confidential help, report a suspicion or seek advice.
Unseen UK
Unseen is a UK anti-slavery charity seeking to end modern slavery and exploitation. They provide direct survivor support services and influence policy at local and national levels. Specialist trained advisors operate a 24/7 Modern Slavery and Exploitation Helpline which is free to call, confidential and independent. The helpline telephone number is 08000 121 700.
The Unseen app can be downloaded which provides information about the different signs to spot and how to report concerns to the helpline directly.
Forced marriage
Forced marriage is the term used to describe a legally binding relationship, where one or both partners married without their consent or against their will. It can occur to anyone of any age, sexual orientation, any ability, including those with learning disabilities, and includes relationships entered into with full consent if one or both are later forced to stay in the marriage against their will. It is a safeguarding issue, and one all healthcare professionals should be aware of.
See: forced marriage factsheet
See also: further information on further information on forced marriage.
The National Commission on Forced Marriage is an independent body founded in 2013. It raises awareness of forced marriage, so that individuals, families, and communities understand that forced marriage is against the law in the UK, through inquires and research. It also examines, advises and publicly reports on the practice of forced marriage across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
Safeguarding adult victims of modern slavery, human trafficking and exploitation
The Global Slavery Index provides a country by country ranking of the number of people in modern slavery, as well as an analysis of the actions governments are taking to respond, and the factors that make people vulnerable. The UK is ranked thus:
136,000 Estimated number of people living in modern slavery
2/1000 Estimated proportion of population living in modern slavery
11.13/100 Vulnerability to modern slavery
