Beatrice Tanner
"I received a letter telling me to hold myself in readiness to be called up at any minute"
Introduction
Third of seven children, Beatrice Tanner was born on the 3 April 1879 to Samuel and Janette Tanner at Weston in Bath, Somerset.
Her father was a coal merchant and a Justice of the Peace. Tanner trained as a nurse and, as an army reservist, was called up at the outbreak of war. Her wartime was spent in France, and she nursed in several hospitals, ambulance trains and hospital barges. For some months in 1914 and 1916 she kept a diary. Her diary is a wonderful mixture of snippets of daily life and information about the War.
Image: Beatrice Tanner (right) in uniform. Taken from Doors of Possibility: The Life of Dame Emmeline Tanner, 1876-1955.
Before the war
From 1899 to 1902, Tanner was a probationer and staff nurse at the Clinical Hospital in Manchester. She then moved to London to continue her training, working as a staff nurse at St Mary's hospital, Paddington. In 1906 she went to the nearby General Lying-In hospital for her midwifery training. A couple of years later she applied to join the Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service (Reserve).
On 4 August 1914, the day war broke out, she was contacted to ‘hold herself in readiness to be called up at any minute’. She spent the ‘next three days getting my kit together’ with her two sisters Eva and Emmie. By the end of the month she was nursing behind the front lines near Rouen, France. She makes no mention of her emotions at the outbreak of war, only recording the practical steps she took to make herself ready.
Above image: St. Mary’s Hospital in London, where Tanner formally trained. From the RCN archive, Ref. No. BM/11/28
Background image: Britain at War with Germany newspaper headline. Image © Trinity Mirror. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
Journey to France
Getting to France was not smooth sailing. It was the beginning of Tanner’s chaotic experience of war. She went with 43 other nurses to Preston, where there was not enough accommodation. She writes there was further difficulty as the ‘holidays were on and all the shops were shut and the whole town full of military.’ It must have been a rapid change from peacetime just a week before. The mobilised army were attempting to make their way to the front too. Upon reaching Southampton there were further delays, as there was not a boat ready with ‘accommodation for ladies’. When Tanner and her fellow nurses finally left for France it was on a troop ship they shared with two cavalry regiments, the 11th Hussars and the 5th Dragoon Guards, and over 1,000 horses. She does not complain about the conditions on board, except about the lack of food other than biscuits, so it seems sharing the ship with hundreds of horses was not as bad as could be expected. On 16 August Tanner reached France.
Above image: troops wait to be shipped overseas.The Embarkation: Southampton © IWM (Art.IWM ART 1398)
Background image: a horse lowered in a crate onto a ship, 1917 © IWM (Q 87054)
As we entered Havre the quays were lined with people cheering and shouting ‘Vive L’Angleterre and singing ‘Rule Britannia [...] we left for Rouen which we reached at 4-a.m. on Aug. 17th. No arrangements had been made for meeting us, and we all had to sit about on the platform
Rouen
When Tanner and her colleagues arrived in Rouen there was not much to do. Arriving in France so early into the war, a great deal of time was spent in arranging and rearranging to prepare for the casualties. The nurses also managed to squeeze in some sightseeing. After a few days Tanner received orders that she was to head to a nearby monastery that was to be used to nurse officers. The Mother Superior of the convent, Tanner notes, was German, and had nephews fighting on both sides of the war. This was by no means a unique position; the war saw many people have their families divided. Although the convent met with Tanner's ideals of cleanliness, she was quick to feel stifled in the enclosed space. The sisters had no connection to the outside world, and were anxious to please their visitors.
‘We seem very likely to be killed by kindness’ she writes,
I feel as if I am in prison
Tanner makes no mention of any officers in the convent at this time. She appears to find the lack of work combined with the sisters closed life-style very trying. Her billeted partner, Miss Hill, was not to her liking either ‘Miss Hill is a very trying person to be shut up with […] she talks continually and there is never anything in what she has said.’ As soon as she could, Tanner escaped for the day to see her friend and fellow nurse Miss Broade, who had come across from England with her.
With no patients to help in the monastery Tanner continually travelled to the nearby No. 3 General Hospital. Here she received bits of news from the front, ‘the West Kent have been almost wiped out whilst bathing’ and ‘the hospital at Amiens has been sent back and that the nurses have had to leave without their things’. These small snatches of information and rumour are perforated throughout Tanner’s wartime experience. She was constantly uncertain of what was happening in the wider war, and of what her next order would be. Without anyone to nurse this anxiety grew. Tanner disliked her inactivity at the monastery when the hospitals around her were rapidly filling up with the retreating wounded.
Matron says she cannot move us without orders from headquarters, so we remain here in idle luxury
On 30 August, not two weeks since they arrived in Rouen, the hospital had to retreat to St. Nazaire. The empty wards were left in the hope they would be able to return.
Background image: Voluntary Aid Detachment camp, Rouen © IWM (Art.IWM ART 2886)
St. Nazaire
Retreat was a chaotic affair. From her packed carriage on a train, Tanner witnessed the journeys different people were undertaking. Several trains filled with refugees fleeing from Paris, the 40,000 troops heading into the city and the Army Veterinary Corps treating sick horses. Two nurses were badly burned on the train whilst attempting to make tea and had to be hospitalised themselves.
They were destined for St. Nazaire, where Tanner was to be truly tested in treating wartime casualties. Tanner was held in limbo for the first few days in St Nazaire. She and her companions were able to have tea, explore the surrounding area and go swimming in the sea, but they knew they had to be ready at all times for a sudden influx of patients. On the 11th of September this long suspense ended and all eighteen of Tanner’s beds filled up. Most likely these were men from the Battle of Marne, the men she had seen a few days previously heading to Paris.
The pace of work did not let up after that. Tanner writes of two thousand patients passing through the hospital in just three days, nearly all in poor condition. She speaks of exhaustion for the last ten days, just working and sleeping. She recalls a patient with tetanus arriving and dying within the hour. Most poignantly she ends this diary entry stating;
The horrors of war are appalling
From St. Nazaire those casualties who were fit enough could be evacuated by sea to hospitals in Britain. Tanner mentions several times the arrival of the ‘Asturias’ to take patients home. This is the same ship another one of our nurses, Nellie Carter, would work on two years later.
A great many patients went to England on the Asturias.
Nellie Carter on the deck of the Asturias in 1916, courtesy of Peter Carter and Family.
Letters from Home
As Tanner’s life in France swung between extremes, she attempted to keep some normality. A lot of the focus in her diaries revolves around letters and parcels from home - ‘I received a parcel of sweets from Eva’ (3 October) and on Bonfire Night ‘some lovely parcels today. A sleeping bag and bed-socks’. These thoughtful presents were clearly very much appreciated, grateful mentions of them smatter the pages of her diary.
Went to pick snow-drops with Miss Ropson and Miss Deeks
Tanner filled her hours away from the hospital with ‘normal’ activity, often with her fellow nurses. She appears to have been particularly close to Miss Broade, they go out together on multiple occasions sightseeing, shopping and for tea. However, these excursions never completely isolated them from the war. After a day motoring ‘to see a new hotel with the Colonels’ a French policeman told them ‘two men had been caught as deserters. One was to be shot and the other imprisoned for three years’.
Distraction from these horrible events was important. The nurses and orderlies spent time entertaining the patients. On the 2 November ‘a concert was held in the mess room. The orderlies performed and thoroughly enjoyed themselves.’ Tanner neglects to mention anything else in her diary entry for that day, so it seems they did a good job of distracting her too. At Christmas Tanner and Miss Cain made the effort to order cakes for the patients, and there was ‘singing in the restaurant.’ The staff had a belated Christmas dinner on New Year’s Eve and ‘played blind man’s bluff etc’.
Hospital Barge
Tanner’s diary ends in March 1915, and is picked up over a year later in August 1916. From her war record we know that in this intervening period she was nursing at No. 4 and No. 26 General Hospitals. When her diary starts again she is about to embark on her first voyage on Barge A. 195. A few years into the war barges became repurposed as hospitals and as methods of troop evacuation. Barges were painted white on the inside, with a red cross on the outside to indicate they were a hospital. Despite this they still had to turn the lights out at night in case of bombers, with nurses making the rounds with a torch.
Arriving on the barge that was to be her home for the next few months, Tanner was initially unimpressed ‘everything looked dreadfully dirty and untidy’ but she concedes that the ward of thirty beds ‘seems quite spacious and comfortable’. Using barges was a slow means of transport, but it meant a smoother ride for the patients in the beds. The nurses all slept in the barge too, but its motion would have not disturbed Tanner much in her top bunk bed. Her first night on the barge was instead disturbed because ‘I thought I heard rats’. The barges did not have their own engines, and were instead pulled along by a tug boat. Tanner very helpfully explains how it works ‘One tug takes two barges and each barge carries thirty patients with staff of two sisters and about ten orderlies and a medical officer between the two, in addition to the engineers’. Two days into Tanner’s first journey they were already delayed as ‘one of the engineers on the tug had been bitten by a wasp on the forehead’.
Above image: nurses on a hospital barge, Somme © IWM (Q 2401)
Background image: Hospital Barges in Flanders © IWM (Art.IWM ART 3687)
Battle of the Somme
Unfortunately, in her time on the barge Tanner was to witness far worse injuries than wasp stings. She was travelling along the river Somme collecting and caring for the casualties of the battle of the Somme. The battle of the Somme was one of the bloodiest in the First World War. Over a million people are estimated to have been killed in the five month campaign. A particularly grim entry from 3 September reads ‘we had several bad lung and abd. [abdomen] cases, three amps. [amputations] and one poor boy had both eyes shot out.’ The next day she visited a hospital and saw ‘one of the officers, a shell shock who could not speak or open his eyes […] they say he cannot possibly get better’.
Background image: 'Somme' Push from Jessie Akehurst's scrapbook
Locations on the Somme Tanner travelled to
Abbeville, where Tanner departs from on her first barge trip. She returned here many times, returning on the barge for the last time in October 1916.
Tanner first arrives in Amiens on the 27 August 1916. On a later visit a German aeroplane dropped bombs all around the area.
Tanner spends the night in Corbie on 28 August 1916, a village which seemed to be "full of troops both French and English".
Excursions
Tanner and her fellow nurse, Miss Ramsay, may have felt life on the barge, surrounded by so much suffering, was constricting. At one point they decide to get off and walk to the next lock rather than stay on board. Like she did in 1914, Tanner still finds the time to sightsee. She takes the train to Amiens where;
We went to see the cathedral which is a very fine one. All the most beautiful parts are banked up with sandbags
It is amazing that two years into the war, and so close to the front line, she manages to maintain her enthusiasm in her surroundings, and that the wartime conditions all around her did not diminish her interest.
Not all of their excursions were enjoyable. Tanner and her colleagues took frequent walks to local casualty clearing stations. On 8 September they had a particularly grim walk:
We passed No. 216, C.S. There were 80 more graves than there had been last Sunday. There are now 633, all since July 1st
What is striking is how Tanner documents the events of the battle of the Somme. She does not focus on how it affects her, but just states the facts of what she witnesses.
Background image: Nurses fish over the side of a hospital barge © IWM (Q 8895)
Food
The diary is not solely filled with the distressing sights Tanner witnesses, but also her constant interest in food. At the end of her grim walk on the 8 September her only personal response is to mention that she was ‘tired and hungry’. When people show kindness Tanner is grateful, and records numerous occasions when people bring the nurses tea and dinner. On her passage to France in 1914 there was ‘nothing on board but biscuits’. She appears to have learnt from her mistake and spent the rest of the war ensuring she had enough to eat. She particularly mentions the fresh food she has, and had perhaps grown weary of tinned army food. One particularly triumphant day saw ‘small boys on the two paths waiting with vegetables and fruit which they threw on the barges and our men threw back tins of bully beef and jam in exchange’. A few weeks later she was less successful; ‘We went to look for eggs and milk before dinner, but had great difficulty in getting any. The cows are not milked until 8-o’clock’. Perhaps her continuous pursuit of food was a means for her to maintain some normality. Many of the foods she mentions, such as jams and butter, speak of comfort.
We found the fruit and fish markets and did some shopping and also bought butter and jam dishes
Background image: two cooks with trays of food at a military hospital. First Aid Nursing Yeomanry on the Western Front, 1914-1918 © IWM (Q 4679)
Zeppelin Raids
The routes barge A. 195 took Tanner extremely close to the front line. When the barge neared La Neuville she reports ‘we saw 34 aeroplanes and captive balloons in the air at the same time. It was very clear and they seemed quite near us, but the balloons are really fixed over the front line trenches.’ Being this close to front meant the barge faced constant threats of attack. On the 6 September she reports:
left the barge for good at 9-p.m. after having had a very happy time
Background image: a Caquot kite balloon being winched down © IWM (Q 11864)
She makes no mention of how this affected her or those on the barge with her. It’s incredible that after events such as this Tanner and her companions would then spend a day walking through the local countryside. As they travel on to Amiens, again they are close to conflict. This time they appear to have become a target. ‘A German aeroplane has been hovering about all day, but we have not been able to see it. We could see the shrapnel bursting all round.’ Again just a few days later she is out in town ‘to do some marketing’, stoically carrying on whilst the war continued around her.
Her last entry is on 3 October 1916, the day the barges were to be abandoned for winter. She appears to have been very attached to her time on board, remarkably stating in spite of the amount of suffering she witnessed:
We heard a great many heavy guns, some of them shaking the barge. They went on more or less all night.
Background image: Patients lie in bed in a hospital barge. © IWM (Q 10663)
After the War
We do not know what happened to Tanner for the rest of the war. It certainly seems as if she carried on nursing throughout. After the war she received the 1914 star, British War medal and the Victory medal. In addition, she was awarded the Royal Red Cross 1st class in the New Year honours of 1919.
Tanner carried on nursing after the war and remained in the Reserve. In 1920 she wrote to the War Office asking about attending the unveiling of the Cenotaph in London. We do not know if they granted her permission to do so.
She continued in private nursing as she had been prior to the outbreak of the war. Her service records show she moved to Battle some time in 1931, still as a private nurse. Later in life she started to focus on farming her property. This rendered her no longer eligible to be a Reservist. At the outbreak of the Second World War she offered her services again but was not accepted as she was over 50. The letter suggests she could try the local Red Cross. In the 1950s and 60s she spent a lot of her time on cruises to Africa. Clearly her time on Barge A. 195 had not put her off waterborne transport.
Tanner died on 26 February 1966 in Wiltshire. She left her money to her sister, Winifred Nettie Gauntlett, and to her nephew.
Images
Banner Image: Hospital Barges in Flanders © IWM (Art.IWM ART 3687) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/16904
Major, Susan, Doors of Possibility: the life of Dame Emmeline Tanner 1876 – 1955. Cambridge, Lutterworth, 1995
Image of St. Mary’s hospital courtesy of the RCN archive. Ref. No. BM/11/28 https://rcn.epexio.com/records/BM/11/28
Britain at War with Germany. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser - Wednesday 05 August 1914. Image © Trinity Mirror. Image created courtesy of THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk [accessed 22 Feb. 2018]
A horse lowered in a crate onto a ship. The Operation Albion, September-October 1917 © IWM (Q 87054) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205330869 [accessed 13 Mar. 2018]
Troops wait to be shipped overseas. The Embarkation: Southampton © IWM (Art.IWM ART 1398) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/17920 [accessed 22 Feb. 2018]
Voluntary Aid Detachment camp, Rouen. No 3 Gs, Vad Camp, Rouen, 1919 © IWM (Art.IWM ART 2886) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/16277 [accessed 22 Feb. 2018]
Nellie Carter on the Asturias in 1916, courtesy of Peter Carter and Family
Nurses on a hospital barge, Somme. The British Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 © IWM (Q 2401) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205078683 [accessed 13 Mar. 2018]
'Somme' Push from Jessie Akehurst's scrapbook
Battlefield Maps: Western Front. Firstworldwar.com. [online] Available at: http://www.firstworldwar.com/maps/westernfront.htm [accessed 22 Feb. 2018]
Nurses fish over the side of a hospital barge. The British Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 © IWM (Q 8895) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205196053 [accessed 13 Mar. 2018]
Two cooks with trays of food at a military hospital. First Aid Nursing Yeomanry on the Western Front, 1914-1918 © IWM (Q 4679) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193196 [accessed 22 Feb. 2018]
A Caquot kite balloon being winched down. Royal Flying Corps On The Western Front, 1914-1918 © IWM (Q 11864) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205217094 [accessed 22 Feb. 2018]
Patients lie in bed in a hospital barge. The British Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 © IWM (Q 10663) https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205196053 [accessed 22 Feb. 2018]
References
Major, Susan, Doors of Possibility: The Life of Dame Emmeline Tanner 1876 – 1955. Cambridge, Lutterworth, 1995
The National Archives, WO 399/8167- records created or inherited by the War Office and related bodies, Beatrice Jane Tanner 1907-1939
Longlongtrail.co.uk. (2018). British Base Hospitals in France – The Long, Long Trail. [online] Available at: http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/british-base-hospitals-in-france/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2018]
Fairest Force. [online] Available at: http://www.fairestforce.co.uk/ [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]
Ancestry® | Genealogy, Family Trees & Family History Records. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.ancestry.co.uk/ [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]
Medal card of Tanner, Beatrice Jane | The National Archives. (2018). [online] Available at: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D8457380 [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]